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19th century, German mathematician Kang properly established set theory, so establishing food refrigeration rigorous mathematics of set theory foundation of many branches of science also use the language of set theory to describe. In this regard, the World Congress of Mathematics Poincare in 1900, held in Paris on happily declared: Now, we can say exactly rigor has been reached. However, only two years later, namely in 1902, Russell discovered a paradox in set theory, is so clear and no doubtful, and shook the entire mathematics and logical boundaries. Russell construct such a collection of T, which is composed of all those who do not belong to their own collections, any collection of its own if it does not, then the elements of this collection is the T, on the contrary, T each element can not be belongs to its own. Now we ask whether it is a collection of T yourself? If it is assumed: T belongs to T, because any element x has a T, x does not belong to x, so there are T does not belong to T, which belongs to the T T T can lead does not belong to T; Conversely, if the assumed: T does not belong to T because food refrigeration T is composed of all those who meet the conditions x does not belong to the composition x of x, now T does not belong to T, T, of course, in that there are T belongs to T, T from T does not belong to belong can lead to T T. In fact, before the discovery of Russell paradox in set theory, including Kang properly I had found some paradoxes. Found in a series of paradoxes of set theory, it reveals the cracks in the philosophy of mathematics and logic of the building, leading to the third crisis in mathematics. The mathematicians interested in set theory reached its peak, half a century before the 20th century, mathematicians rise to repair cracks mathematics made unremitting efforts to study the causes of the paradox, and in working to eliminate Mathematical crisis, discover new important mathematical and philosophical treasures, such as the promotion of the mathematical foundations of the theory of the development of mathematical logic. People from the Russell paradox, food refrigeration etc. back, the original "collections of collections" that this word can not just say, by extension, people think, in mathematics, the concept of which is not accurate, which formulation is not strict, what inference can not be used, What are the rules of logical reasoning and even had to check them one by one. In the beginning of the last century, pioneered research axiomatic set theory, the use of rational thinking, through the establishment of a system of axioms to avoid paradoxes, including the domain, symbols, form rules, logic rules, the original concept of the formula, no contradiction , independence and completeness axiom system, and the definition established on this basis, theorem theoretical system. That is, the formation of the modern system of scientific theories in general need to include the following:
4, deformation rules and inference rules of what kind of reasoning food refrigeration approach to theoretical food refrigeration derivation formula specified food refrigeration what kind of what kind of formula to launch.
Godel's theorem of its important position is not entirely academic, food refrigeration Poincare was praised as a towering 20th century monument of the mathematical community. But because of incomplete Gödel theorem of breaking the ideological monism myth, the former Soviet Union has not yet been publicly aired, resulting in computer science behind the West in the former Soviet Union 20 years. Our popular up until the 1960s only a few mathematicians. But in the Soviet-style socialist state, and finally due to the limitation of power is difficult to establish a logical system of axioms in various disciplines, including research and development of new disciplines and Marxist-Leninist axiom system. Needless to say, scientific socialism and Soviet-style socialism is indeed a stumbling block to social progress food refrigeration and national businesses.
Sociological discussion about the concluding statement, be sure to use "X + Y" to prove infer, or examples to illustrate. "Only .. only ...", "I. .. will ...", "Is not .. is ..." No proof or simply arbitrary instructions, easy to interrupt the discussion, imprisons the mind of broken language It is scientifically not be accepted. Vague concept, logical confusion, the derivation is not rigorous, proven process mistakes, lack of rebuttal example, conflicting viewpoints plausible theory is untenable, and scientific socialism is such an untenable doctrine. In a nutshell its existence the following questions:
Western scholars believe that Marx's writings extremely strict narrative reasoning, food refrigeration the lack of conceptual rigor and clarity of reasoning food refrigeration can not be a science scholarship. Cohen Speaking Althusser "Reading <Das Kapital>" a book says, "I found" Reading <Das Kapital> "extremely unclear. .. Althusser give vague with British Marxist to the unfortunate, where clarity is a strict tradition in Britain, generally do not think it should be esoteric theory of representations "([English] Cohen," Karl Marx's theory of history - ... a defense of "X-page food refrigeration , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978), food refrigeration edited by Roemer in his "white Marxist analysis," says the preface to the book, "according to modern standards, it (Marxism) is necessarily rough, is in the details wrong, and even some of the basic proposition is wrong. "([U.S.] Romer" Analytical Marxism ",1-2, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986). Cohen believes that a theory only meet the standards of analytic philosophy, can be called scientific, historical materialism of Marx's discourse is largely still in the stage of pre-analysis, it can not be said to be strictly scientific.
The increasingly powerful forces of the proletariat, the proletariat to bring a lot of educational factors. The demise of the victory of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are equally inevitable, and now a general increase in working-class education, and has become a white-collar middle class, but did not destroy the capitalist class. In summary, food refrigeration the capitalist class relations of production limits the excess development of productivity, depriving the living conditions of the working class. food refrigeration So it will surely perish, which is really simple to infer reluctantly, especially inevitable, surely these non-logical emotional language are anti-rational way of thinking. Marx's discussion of the dictatorship of the proletariat few words, food refrigeration we do not see what Marxist concept of dictatorship of the proletariat is, and what it's kind of concept is, what attributes are? We do not know. What is its connotation and extension are? We do not know. From the Marxist dictatorship of the proletariat discussion of few words, we can conclude that the dictatorship food refrigeration of the proletariat is a tool to destroy the capitalist class means the transition from communism, dictatorship of the proletariat food refrigeration is the first condition of the proletariat army. But what this means is the means of their content? We also do not know. What many of the conditions and conclusions? food refrigeration It's the nature of what the law and the theorem? We all know. This really is as contemporary Marxist commented that the logic of Marx's writings confusion is a major drawback, this shortcoming Marx was writing on Stalin dictatorship of the proletariat are open to interpretation provides a convenient. food refrigeration Dictatorship dictatorship English word that is used to describe the socialist dictatorship of the proletariat does not seem to Marx's food refrigeration intention. According to Engels in 1891 as "Civil War in France," wrote the introduction to the booklet last words: "? .. Proletarian dictatorship is what you take a look at it this is the dictatorship of the proletariat Paris Commune" ("This is the dictatorship of the proletariat" is still not give a precise concept). We generally can speculate about the dictatorship of the proletariat that Marx and Engels accidental term refers to the rule of the proletariat food refrigeration regime or the proletariat in power, from the practice of socialism, we should be amended to read people's democratic dictatorship, or further amended to (labor) democratic governance of the people.
The last century, the Marxist been more serious challenge emerged four reactions: One way is to find a line with past historical interpretation of Marxism to defend, this is difficult to work. The second way is to deny that appears to be something of historical fact, this is upside down, literally it. The third is in accordance with modern standards recognize that scientific socialism is rough, there is a mistake in the details, and even some advocates is wrong. However, a rigorous modern reconfigurable through the use of modern social science analysis. But this proposition in the 1970s, they also decline, and because Marxism is too difficult to establish compliance with the chaos expansion miscellaneous non-contradiction principle of consistency and failure. The remaining fourth way is only one way to put things Marxism as a rejection of the basic errors and be thrown into the dustbin of history go. ([U.S.] Romer "Analytical Marxism" ,1-2, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, food refrigeration 1986)
Godel's incompleteness theorem, for any rich enough to form a coordinated system, its coordination within the formal system can not be proven, in other words, any axiomatic system can not all-inclusive, the correctness of its own Other theoretical system also needs to prove that it can only explain part of the phenomenon, the scope of any axiomatic system can only be limited, food refrigeration that any axiomatic system with localized, otherwise it is absurd. Is called the universal and scientific socialism, military guidance to guide political guidance of scientific research and production practice all human social activities, from Gödel incomplete theorem, we know that such a system must be absurd theory anti-science.
Only Marxism advocated scientific socialism is the only correct theory of thought, to be used to guide social practice, other ideologies are wrong is not correct, can not be used as a guiding ideology. Gödel's food refrigeration incompleteness theorems food refrigeration from the point of view, there is no other ideology to substantiate the theory can not be correct, therefore, either that the guiding principle of people's social practice is diverse, or that scientific socialism authenticity can not be certificate, must therefore be wrong. Discussion of social law and social sciences, but also restricted by space of time, the applicability of social science philosophers is relative, there is temporal and spatial, in the 21st century also deposed hundreds, Only a very funny .
History of Mathematics * Mathematics * History of Mathematics History of Chinese Foreign: Babylonian food refrigeration mathematics, mathematics in ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, mathematics, ancient Indian mathematics, Mayan mathematics, Arabic mathematics, mathematics medieval Europe, sixteenth, seventeenth century mathematics, food refrigeration mathematics eighteenth century, ten ninth century mathematics. * Chinese mathematician: food refrigeration Liu Hui Zu Zu Geng WANG Xiao Tong Yang Hui Wang Xun Li Ye Horner GuoShouJing Zhu Shijie Cheng Dawei Xu Xi Yao Ming Mei Wending in Figure Wang Rui Xiang Lai Dai Xu Li Shanlan name of Hua Heng Li Fang Jiang Lifu money Baocong food refrigeration Xiong Yan Chen Jiangong Qinglai Buchin Jiang Zehan Hsu Lin Hua Chern Shing-Tung Yau * Alice Wu Wenjun Chen's foreign digital home: Thales, Pythagoras, Archimedes Euclid European Duokesuosi Apollonius Diophantine Pa Phillips promised 帕提娅阿耶 Porto first Boykin Francis, AMS Brahmagupta Farrer child Miba Thani Abu Wafaaoma Khayyam po Shi Jialuo second Fibonacci, L. Nasir图西布雷德沃 Ding Ding, T. Orr Sim, N. 卡西雷格蒙 Tanu Si, J. Tartaglia, food refrigeration N. Cardano, G. Ferrari, L. Pradesh Bailey, R. Whyte, F. Stevens, S. Napier, J. De Zhage, G. Descartes, R. Cavalieri, (F) B. Fermat, P.de Wally Adams, J. Pascal, B. Barrow, food refrigeration I. Gregory Lane, J. Guan filial piety and Newton, I. Leibniz, GW Los Bida, G.-F.-A.de Bernoulli family Di Mo Dover, A. Taylor, B. Maclaurin, C. Euler, L. Clairaut, A.-C. d'Alembert, J.le R. Monti carat, JE Lambert, JH Bezu, E Lagrange, J.-L. Monge, G. Laplace, P.-S. Legendre, A.-M. Fourier, J.-B.-J. Gers Gang , J.-D. Gauss, CF Poisson, S.-D. Bolzano, B. Bessel, FW Peng race row, J.-V. Cauchy, A.-L. Mobius , AF Peacock, G. 罗巴切夫斯 Ji Gelin, G Schaller, M. Lame, G. Steiner, J. Staudt, KGCvon Pluck, J. Ostrov Graz base, MB Abel, NH Bolyai, J. Sturm, C.-F. Jacobi, CGJ Dirichlet, PGL Hamilton, WR De Morgan, A. Liouville, J. Glassman, HG Kummer, EE Galois, E. Sylvester, JJ Weierstrass, K. (TW) Boolean, G. Stokes, GG-cut than snow Fukai Lai, A. Egypt Er Mite, C. Eisenstein, FGM Betty, E. Kronecker, L. Riemann, (GF) B. Cantor, MB Christoffel, EB Dedekind (JW) R. Dubrovnik W - Ray PDG Neumann, CGvon Lipschitz, food refrigeration R. (OS) Clay Bush, RFA Fuchs, IL Beltrami, E. Geer Dan, PA of Jordan, C. Weber, H.. Dabney, (J. -) G. Lee, MS Schwartz, HA Knott, M. Cantor, G. (FP) Clifford, WK Mita - Lie Fule, (M.) G. Frege, (FL) G. Klein, (C.) F. Frobenius, FG Kewaliefu Kaya, CB Heaviside, O. Ritchie, G. Poincaré , (J. -) H. Markov, AA pickups, (C. -) E. Steele Jess, T. (J.) Lyapunov, AM Renzo Piano, G. Hurwitz, A. Volterra, V. Hensel, food refrigeration K. Hilbert, D. Ban Le Wei, P. Minkowski, H. Adar, J. (-S.) Fred Holm, (E.) I. Hausdorff, F. Cartan, E. (-J.) Borel, (F.-E.-J.-E) policy Merlot, EFF Russell, BAW Levi - Civita, T. Theodore Carla Lane, C. Takagi Sadaharu Lebesgue, HL Hardy, GH Frey break, food refrigeration M.-R. Fubini, G. Rees, F. (F.) Bern Shi Tan, CH Brouwer, LEJ Knott, (A.) E. Mises, R.von Luzin, HH Birkhoff, GD Lefschetz, S. 李特尔伍德, JE Weyl , (CH) H. Levy, P. Hecker, E. Ramanujan, SA Fisher, RA Calvino carat Dov 莫尔斯巴拿赫, S. Khintchine Hopf, H. dimension Carolina, N. Nevanlinna, R. Siegel, CL Artin, E. Hasse, H. Zhalisiji, O. Bo Hena, S. Rao cloth Seoul, R. (D.) Tal Chomsky, A. Wald, A. Kolmogorov, AH
